In Economics we are talking about twinkies and hoho's. If the price of twinkies goes up what does that do to the market for hoho's? Hoho's are cleary a substitute good and not a compliment. So if the price of twinkies goes up the demand for hoho's increases which then causes an increase the price and quantity of hoho's.
Let's suppose that the price of sugar increases. What does this do to the market for twinkies? Sugar is an input of twinkies since one cannot make twinkies without sugar and if they do they will probably see a downward trend in demand for their product. So since sugar is an input of twinkies it will effect the supply of twinkies. The supply of twinkies will decrease leading to an increase in price and a decrease in the quantity of twinkies produced.
What happens to the market for twinkies when the population income increases? This supposedly depends on whether you consider twinkies to be a normal or inferior good. Since twinkies are relatively cheap I think they are an inferior good. Since they are an inferior good and the general population income increases this would cause the demand for twinkies to decline. In so doing the price and quantity of twinkies decreases. This will cause a surplus in the twinkie market.
What happens to the market for twinkies if the price of twinkies goes up or down? Nothing happens. The price moves up and down the same demand curve.
These examples assume that all else is held constant.
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